My Opinion, Folk And Psychology - 1033 Words

In my opinion, folk or â€Å"commonsense† psychology is a useful starting place when one is aiming to determine some truth about the human mind or brain, although its usefulness should not be overestimated, as scientific psychology ought to be given higher precedence. Though folk psychology can be helpful—who knows the human mind better than the minds of regular people?—it should be taken â€Å"with a grain of salt,† as evidenced by â€Å"regular people’s† penchant for misinterpreting their own minds. People often make mistakes or make seemingly contradictory claims when talking about the beliefs and feelings of others, or even of themselves. This approach of starting with folk psychology, but not depending on it exclusively, can also be useful when†¦show more content†¦This concept of pain, however, could possibly be fundamentally flawed, according to Daniel Dennett, in light of a phenomenon known as â€Å"reactive disassociati on†Ã¢â‚¬â€in certain circumstances, such as when they are on morphine, patients report being in terrible pain, though that pain is not unpleasant (Ramsey). Either people are not necessarily always certain of being in pain, as folk psychology says, or the generally accepted concept of pain as unpleasant is wrong. Of course, for practicality’s sake, we still refer to the unpleasant feeling we get when we stub our toes against the door frame as â€Å"pain,† and dare not question people when they wince and cry out that they are in pain.† Thus, folk psychology is a practical starting point, but it may not answer all our questions. Another popular tenet of folk psychology is a belief somewhat similar to the school of thought known as dualism. For many people (especially in the United States), either the physical structure of the brain is separate from one’s mind, or the physical brain is separate from the immaterial soul, which is sometimes interchang eable with the mind. Consciousness, self-awareness, and sometimes even memory are considered immaterial things that all humans have independent of their brains and bodies. This concept seems to make sense, especially when one considers â€Å"qualia,† the internal, subjective component of feeling—what we feel whenever we experience

Approaching Nathaniel Hawthorne Insight - 538 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote one of the most studied short story in literature, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. This short story is widely use because of the deep meaning and strong internal attachment it has with the reader. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts his family had been early settlers, one of his great-grandfather was a judge during the Salem witch trials and had twenty-five women killed. Hearing his great-grandfather talk about this subject made Hawthorne both obsessed and a little ashamed for what his family has done during the Salem witch trials. Hawthorne put those feelings into his stories which in reality explore what the events that happened in the puritans’ life style. As stated before Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts 1804, and his family were original settlers to Salem since colonial times. Hawthorne’s â€Å"father died when he was four, (Approaching literature 1388) Hawthorne then was raised by his mother until his gift was discovered. Later his relatives recognized Hawthorne’s literature talent and financed his education at Bowdoin College. At Bowdoin College Hawthorne met Henry Wadswort, who would go to be a famous poet, and Franklin Pierce, who would later on be the President of the United States. After graduating, â€Å"Hawthorne lived at home writing short â€Å"tales† and a novel, which he self-published in 1828†¦ (Approaching literature 1388).† When Hawthorne wrote the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† he attempted to set it in theShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthis time period, including Nathaniel Hawthorne. One of Hawthorne’s most known stories is â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – a story wherein Hawthorne mixes faith and history to demonstrate humanity’s struggle with sin. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† could possibly be regarded as a Spiritual story of symbols and inevitably as a disapproval of Puritan Calvinism. This is apparent once someone considers the tale through a mixture of symbolism and an intellect of the Puritan beliefs. Hawthorne incorporates symbols and allegoriesRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 PagesWork of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributed stories whichRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesoccur in real life, their use in literature becomes suspect if they seem to be merely an artificial device for arranging events or imposing a resolution. Such events tend to mar or even destroy a plot’s plausibility and unity. Analyzing Plot In approaching a work of fiction for the first time, we can analyze the plot by attempting to answer such questions as the following: 1. What is the conflict (or conflicts) on which the plot turns? Is it external, internal or a combination of the two? 2. What

Business Ethics Taiwanese Group

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Ethicsfor Taiwanese Group. Answer: Introduction Foxconn technology group is a Taiwanese group , that has its plant in Shenzhen, China. Foxconn is one of the worlds most famous manufacturing companies that produces the products of Mac Mini, iPad, iPhone, Dell, Hp Motherboards, Wii, Xbox 360, etc. Foxconn is a huge company that has employed of about 300,000 people in its Shezhen factory. This company exports its products to other countries, such as Asia, United States Of America , Europe and other countries (May 2014). Controversy In the year 2010, an epidemic wave of suicides had swept away china, where Foxconn Manufacturing company had come into limelight due to the increase in the amount of suicides happening within the company. The workers were engaged in producing apple iPad, Sony Ericsson phones, and other electronic items. They have been supplying the producers with the must have gadgets of the current generation, whereas, these people have been facing trouble in the work conditions of the country (Guo et al. 2012). With adverse working situations of long work hours, forced labour, low wages and ill treatment, pressurized many workers to commit suicide. Effect on The Stakeholders As stated by Freivalds and Niebel (2013), there are three principles of CSR, namely, sustainability, accountability and transparency. In the case of Foxconn suicides, the principle that is violated in this context is that of accountability. Accountability states that there must be a positive effect laid to the stakeholders of the company. Accountability deals with the appropriate measures that must be taken in order to provide the company with the best proposal of fulfilling the ethical framework of the stakeholders of the company (Idowu, Capaldi and Zu 2013). In the case of Foxconn suicides, accountability issue is overlooked. The main issue was that the workers of the company were suffering from severe work conditions that were affecting their ethical structure at work. This aspect violated the human dignity by making them work under severe conditions. On 25th may, 2010, according to a news post, nine employees had killed themselves at Foxconn, which had made people to work under severe conditions which makes the apple iPad, and Sony Ericsson phones (May 2014). This case has turned the attention of the whole nation towards the working conditions of the company. A report in southern weekly newspaper of Guangzhou, china, states that , an intern had represented before them a grim picture of the working conditions of the people. It had been reported that the workers have to stand for eight hours in assembly lines without a break and without talking (Xu and Li 2013). Workers , who share their rooms with other 9 workers, often did not know each others names as they were under strict surveillance. The basic pay of the company to its worker, was 900 RMB per month. This was not enough to lead a healthy life. Strange quotations like achieve goals or the sun will no longer shine, and growth thy name is suffering is one of the most stressful quotes that has been used by the Foxconns CEO. Part 4 What Happened There was an epidemic wave of suicides in the country in the year 2010. Altogether 11 suicide attempts had been noticed, of which only two of them had survived. Whole worlds attention had been drawn towards the incident, which took place there that had created an adverse impact on the manufacturing company. Where Did it Happen The incident took place in Foxconn factory, in Shenzen province, china. Who were Involved In Foxconn company, two stakeholders are most important, their employees and the two main parties that are involved in the group. Foxconn has been aligned to various companies, of which, one of the major company is Apple Inc. With the sudden involvement of such complicated issues within the workplace of the company, many companies that are aligned to Foxconn are also affected. When did it Happen This event took place from 2009-2010, which affected the stakeholders related to the company. Why did it Happen The work atmosphere in the company, led to many mistreatments to the employees. There has been too much pressure in the work culture of the company. This creates a psychological effect on the workers, thereby creating an adverse effect on their life style. Long working hours and jobs burden has created many misfits in within the work place that has led to suicidal attempts by many workers. It seems that the organizations behaviour has been affected by peoples negative thoughts towards the company. This focuses on how the company fails at managing the organization. In order to attain maximum profits from the sales of the company, Foxconn has overlooked the stress that is prevailing in the workplace of the manufacturing company. Reasons Occupational demand: workers of the factory are working on unpleasant working conditions. They were supposed to stand on assembly lines for eight hours. They do not communicate with each other, and hence, in some situations, they do not know the names of their co -workers. The junior workers face verbal abuse of senior officials, and they are forced to work at sever conditions. They are not allowed to do anything else except work. Overload task: the workers of the Foxconn Company were always overloaded with work. They were supposed to do work more than what is possible for them to do. They were supposed to work for longer hours and work for 6 days a week, with a margin of 100 hours overtime per month. Many people were feeling suffocated in the work atmosphere (Lucas, Kang and Li 2013). Responsibility on others and rule juggling : there are various cultural and economic factors that prevail in the company. China has been going through one of the most rapid process of urbanization. There ate adjustment difficulties within the country that has led to a high suicide rate in the country. The youth of the country often faces little scope of help from their parents , as they do not understand the world into which their child is entering. Lack of social support : in the dormitories of the Foxconn company, there are many youths who were facing problems in sustaining the environment of the work conditions. Hence, these people found it easy to commit suicide to overcome their problems rather than helping each other to get away with the issues. Steps Taken Suicide is a complex issue that has been prevailing among the youths of the country, specially were working under the adverse conditions of the Foxconn company. These people were under serious conditions, which had affected their mental and physical health conditions. In order to overcome the conditions, the steps undertaken by the company is as follows Short term actions had been taken by the organization in order to overcome the suicidal attacks happening within the surroundings. Managing psychological side of the employees and considering the economical situation of the workers is one of the earliest step that must be undertaken by the company to overcome such issues (GRI 2015). The company has provided the people working in their organization with social support and efforts to maximise their satisfaction of working in friendly circumstances. There is a raise in the salary of the people, which has given them ample opportunities to sustain their standard of living of the people. This helped to form the trust of the workers towards the people. This gave the people the time to socialize, adjust with their work, create a friendly atmosphere in the work place and create work satisfaction among the workers. By changing the work style of Foxconn company, the performance of the workers would be improved that would help in promoting the brand performance and bringing sustainability at work. An atmosphere of peoples management culture must be created among the workers. Reference Freivalds, A. and Niebel, B., 2013.Niebel's Methods, Standards, Work Design. Mcgraw-Hill higher education. GRI, G.R.I., 2015. Equator Principles.Americas,1, p.1. Guo, L., Hsu, S.H., Holton, A. and Jeong, S.H., 2012. A case study of the Foxconn suicides An international perspective to framing the sweatshop issue.International Communication Gazette,74(5), pp.484-503. Idowu, S.O., Capaldi, N. and Zu, L., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Lucas, K., Kang, D. and Li, Z., 2013. Workplace dignity in a total institution: Examining the experiences of Foxconns migrant workforce.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.91-106. May, D.R., Li, C., Mencl, J. and Huang, C.C., 2014. The ethics of meaningful work: Types and magnitude of job-related harm and the ethical decision-making process.Journal of Business Ethics,121(4), pp.651-669. Xu, K. and Li, W., 2013. An ethical stakeholder approach to crisis communication: A case study of Foxconns 2010 employee suicide crisis.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), pp.371-386.

The Role Of The Hippie In American Culture Essays -

The Role Of The Hippie In American Culture American society and culture experienced an awakening during the 1960s as a result of the diverse civil rights, economic, and political issues it was faced with. At the center of this revolution was the American hippie, the most peculiar and highly influential figure of the time period. Hippies were vital to the American counterculture, fueling a movement to expand awareness and stretch accepted values. The hippies' solutions to the problems of institutionalized American society were to either participate in mass protests or drop out of society completely. The government and the older generations could not understand their way of life. Hippies were often portrayed as criminals, subversive to the morals and best interest of the public. Although misunderstood, the hippie had a great impact throughout the country, still surviving today in American culture. The term ?hippie? itself became a universal term in the late sixties. It originated in a 1967 article in Ramparts, entitled ?The Social History of the Hippies.? Afterward, the name was captured by the mass media as a label for the people of the new movement. (Yablonsky 28) Even before this, the word ?hip? described someone who was ?in? and ?down?, wise to what was going on around him. By the 1960s, some of America's youth created a gap between themselves and their parents. They grew their hair long because it was natural and therefore considered beautiful. At first, the idea of men with long hair was absurd and society considered it a sign of homosexuality. When it became clear that the establishment felt so strongly about hair, the attitudes of young rebels changed. One young man responded after being questioned about his unkempt appearance: Growing hair does not mean that I am or am not a homosexual. It does mean that I am willing to stand up for my rights as a human being an that includes my right to be harmless to all people. It also indicates my unwillingness to get on the treadmill of killing for a vast machine-like government. If I am scorned and called dirty because I allow hair to grow on my face and my head, then so much the better, for by this I indicate the seriousness of my belief. I scorn the society that has created this monstrous robot-like conformity that feeds the war machine as Hitler found robots to feed his war machine. (Perry 188) In contrast to the short crew-cut style that every young man adhered to during the fifties, the hippie popularized a diversity of hairstyles with no single ideal image to fit. The clothes worn by hippies were also chosen to express anti-establishment sentiments to the public. They tried to stay away from store-bought, expensive clothes. Their pants, shirts and dresses were made of comfortable, natural fibers like cotton and denim. Many articles of clothing were hand-crafted, such as belts, shoes, necklaces, and headbands. As poverty spread, the hippie wardrobe grew increasingly shabby. They shopped at thrift shops and places like the Diggers' Free Store. Gray, dingy, torn clothes and broken shoes became the characteristic style of the hippies. (Wolf 18) Spawned out of necessity rather than style, these clothes were another symbol of their retaliation against the system. The hippies' approach toward life was much more relaxed and open-minded than the rest of society. They all agreed on the importance of brotherhood among people of all races and ethnicity. Preaching a motto of love and kindness, hippies tried to spread their beliefs into society. By handing out flowers, singing songs, and making orations, these young people tried to make America hear its message of love. (Kornbluth 250-253) People would share resources amongst each other, making sure everyone got a portion of the food, drink, clothes that the group managed to get. This was completely opposite to the government policies favoring sharp economic inequality, allowing starvation and poverty to continue. The Diggers of San Francisco attempted to do their part, organizing free meals and handouts. (Wolf 11) This charitable display demonstrated the kindness and gentleness of the hippies to the American public. They hoped that the rest of the population would follow in their example and help th e indigent, unfortunately, they did not. The

Artificial Intelligence Essays

Artificial Intelligence Essays Artificial Intelligence Essay Artificial Intelligence Essay What is Artificial Intelligence 1) o ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) tools that exhibit human intelligence and behaviour including self-learning robots, expert systems, and voice recognition, natural and automated translation. * 1 o Computer programs developed to mimic human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, problem-solving, and making decisions. Artificial intelligence programs enable computers to perform tasks such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, etc. * 2 o The use of programs to enable machines to perform tasks which humans perform using their intelligence. Early AI avoided human psychological models, but this orientation has been altered by the development of connectionism, which is based on theories of how the brain works. In connectionism, complex functions, including learning, involve the transmission of information along pathways formed among large arrays of simple elements. * 3 My own definition 2) An Artificial Intelligence is an computer program that performs a task that Human intelligence is capable of doing. Non Artificial Intelligence 3) Car manufacturing robots: these are kind of non artificial intelligence the for this is that they do not think or recognize things for example if there is not any door to be fixed the robots will do the action even if they are not carrying anything. Medical: Non Artificial systems are also used in medical field. Where they use it to help the patients and find diseases also use them for treatment. As I said before these machines dont have brains of their own, there has to be someone controlling these machines. MIS ; DSS System 4) MIS Management Information System are information that is computer based, which is used within the organization. An information system is comprised of all workings such as operate and disoperate data or information. It generally includes hardware and software people, communications system such as telephone lines and data are include things such as inputting data, processing data into information or storage of data, the output of this is called the management reports.**1 DSS Decision Support Systems is an interactive computer-based system which helps to make decision that use communications technologies, data, documents, knowledge to discover and solve problems, Decision Support System is a common name for any computer application that helps a persons ability to improve make decisions.**

Lycurgus - Spartan Lawgiver

Lycurgus - Spartan Lawgiver Dateline: 06/22/99 Back to Sparta: A Military State Although the evolution of Greek law codes is complicated and cant really be reduced to the work of a single individual, there is one man who stands out as responsible for Athenian law and one for Spartan law. Athens had its Solon, and Sparta had its Lycurgus the lawgiver. Like the origins of Lycurgus legal reforms, the man himself is wrapped in legend. Herodotus 1.65.4 says the Spartans thought the laws of Lycurgus came from Crete. Xenophon takes a contrary position, arguing Lycurgus made them up; while Plato says the Delphic Oracle provided the laws. Regardless of the origin of the laws of Lycurgus, the Delphic Oracle played an important, if legendary, role in their acceptance. Lycurgus claimed that the Oracle had insisted the laws not be written down. He tricked the Spartans into keeping the laws for an ostensibly short period while Lycurus went on a journey. Because of the authority invoked, the Spartans agreed. But then, instead of returning, Lycurgus disappears forever from hi story, thereby eternally obliging the Spartans to honor their agreement not to change the laws. See Sanderson Becks Ethics of Greek Culture for more on this. Some think the laws of Sparta were essentially unchanged until the third century B.C., with the exception of a rider to the rhetra quoted by Plutarch. See Legislation in Sparta, by W. G. Forrest. Phoenix. Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 11-19. Source: (amherst.edu/~eakcetin/sparta.html) Lycurgus Reforms and the Spartan SocietyBefore Lycurgus there had been dual kingship, division of the society into Spartiates, Helots, and perioeci, and the ephorate. After his travels to Crete and elsewhere, Lycurgus brought to Sparta three innovations: Elders (gerusia), Redistribution of land, and Common messes (meals). Lycurgus forbade gold and silver coinage, replacing it with iron coinage of low value, making trade with other Greek poleis difficult; for instance, there were supposedly loaf shaped and sized iron coins. It is also possible that the iron coins were valued, as iron had been in the Iron Age of Homer. See The Iron Money of Sparta, by H. Michell Phoenix, Vol. 1, Supplement to Volume One. (Spring, 1947), pp. 42-44. Men were to live in barracks and women were to undergo physical training. In all he did Lycurgus was trying to suppress greed and luxury.[www.perseus.tufts.edu/cl135/Students/Debra_Taylor/delphproj2.html] Delphi and the LawWe dont know whether Lycurgus asked the oracle simply to confirm the law code he already had or asked the oracle to provide the code. Xenophon opts for the former, while Plato believes the latter. Theres a possibility that the code came from Crete.Source: (web.reed.edu/academic/departments/classics/Spartans.html) Early SpartaThucydides suggested that it was not the kings who declared war, and the fact that seven helots attended each Spartan indicates the helots lot may not have been so bad. The Great RhetraPassage from Plutarchs Life of Lycurgus on his obtaining an oracle from Delphi about the establishment of his form of government: When thou has built a temple to Zeus Syllanius and Athena Syllania, divided the people into phylai, and divided them into obai, and established a Gerousia of thirty including the Archagetai, then from time to time appellazein between Babyka and Knakion, and there introduce and repeal measures; but the Demos must have the decision and the power. Xenophon on the SpartansNine passages from Herodotus about the famous Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. Passages include notice that female slaves were to work on clothes while free women, since production of children was the noblest occupation, were to exercise as much as the men. If a husband were old, he should supply his wife with a younger man to beget children. Lycurgus made it honorable to satisfy natural cravings by stealing; he forbade free citizens from engaging in business; failing to do ones duty would result in loss of status of the homoioi, (equally privileged citizens). Occupation Index - Leader Plutarch - Life of Lycurgus

Objectives against Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Objectives against Marxism - Essay Example Marxism is an economic worldview that is based on the assumption that a few people control all the means of production and that they reap all the benefits at the expense of those who work for them. According to Marxists, the workers, or the proletariat, will at one time in the future come to overthrow the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production. The majority of those who claim to believe in this philosophy have yet to prove that it can actually work. The Marxist philosophy has come to be applied in many fields including politics, and in the latter, it has been manifested through communism and socialism. For several decades in the twentieth century, Marxism was a powerful force on the world scene but because of its unsustainable nature, it has come to be relegated to the background in the recent years. While there are powerful arguments for the Marxist philosophy, there are also more potent arguments against it and most of the latter arguments are because it is unsustainable. Mar xism became a powerful force in the early twentieth century because its philosophy came to attract those people who had long been oppressed by their rulers. The early Marxists were men who had been raised in poverty and when they found this new philosophy, they felt that they could use it to improve their lot in life (Evans 762). What these people failed to realize is that Marxism is an utopian, which cannot be realistically implemented. This can be seen through the utter failure of the political systems based on Marxism that have so far failed to survive. Marxist governments, for example, have made the life of their people far worse than they were previously. A current case to note is the ongoing one in North Korea where despite the fact that the government still officially declares itself to be communist; the behavior of its ruling elite is a far cry from the Marxist philosophy upon which it was founded. While the people of this country continue to suffer, the elite live a life of luxury that the former can only dream of. In fact, it can be said that the North Korean elite has turned its back on the ordinary people, many of whom not only live in poverty, but are also suffer from malnutrition. This is an absolute failure of Marxism in the modern world and perhaps this country and its people would do much better if it had a government that had a free market philosophy as well as being democratic. An obvious example is South Korea, which took an opposite direction compared to its northern neighbor and is now one of the most respected economies in the world. The failure of Marxism as a political philosophy can be said to have been revealed during the Cold War when the Soviet Union had to work far harder than the United States in order to be able to compete with the latter. The communist system of government practiced in the Soviet Union was based on Marxist philosophy, where the state controlled every aspect of its economy (Skousen 500). The people who worked in the Soviet economy were given very little incentive to be more productive. Everybody was given a quota to meet and once that was done, then no more was required of them. Workers were treated more like machinery than as people who were essential for the development of the economy. There were certain instances where people did not even bother to work because they had no incentive to do so. They were not given any opportunity to be innovative in their work places, and even though they worked extraordinarily hard, under extreme conditions, they were given very little pay. The soviet economy therefore, did not have enough opportunity to ensure that it was diversified enough to stay competitive on the global scene.